Updated: 12-4-2007
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Updated: 12-4-2007 |
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Flu Shot Vaccine Side Effects and Contamination InformationWeigh the benefits and dangers of antiviral defenses such as flu vaccinations, antiviral drugs and antiviral herbs. Seasonal Cold and Flu Prevention TipsIs it Cold Or Flu? Body chills reduce ability to fight viral infections Flu Shot Vaccine InformationFlu Shot Vaccine Safety
Influenza / Flu Updates from the Centers for Disease Control and PreventionLearn about flu shots, key facts, prevention and risks involved for the 2004 flu season. Interaction Concerns between Herbs, Vitamins, Drugs and Various Health Conditions?Information concerning interactions between, herbs, vitamins, health conditions and prescription drugs. This free information is gathered from scientific studies published in over 550 peer-reviewed medical and scientific journals. Visit
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Flu Shot Vaccines - What you Need To KnowBy The Center for Disease Control - Flu Season 2007-08. Use your browser's "back" button to navigate the flu shot menu.
Why get a flu shot?Influenza (“flu”) is a contagious disease. It is caused by the flu virus, which spreads from infected persons to the nose or throat of others. Other illnesses can have the same symptoms and are often mistaken for flu. But only an illness caused by the influenza virus is really flu. Anyone can get flu, but rates of infection are highest among children. For most people, it lasts only a few days. It can cause:
Some people get much sicker. Flu can lead to pneumonia and can be dangerous for people with heart or breathing conditions. It can cause high fever and seizures in children. On average, 226,000 people are hospitalized every year because of Flu and 36,000 die – mostly elderly. Flu vaccine can prevent Flu. Two types of flu vaccine - Inactivated and Live
For most people flu vaccine prevents serious Flu-related illness. But it will not prevent “flu-like” illnesses caused by other viruses. Flu viruses are always changing. Because of this, Flu vaccines are updated every year, and an annual vaccination is recommended. Protection lasts up to a year. It takes up to 2 weeks for protection to develop after the vaccination. Some inactivated flu vaccine contains thimerosal, a preservative that contains mercury. Some people believe thimerosal may be related to developmental problems in children. In 2004 the Institute of Medicine published a report concluding that, based on scientific studies, there is no evidence of such a relationship. If you are concerned about thimerosal, ask your doctor about thimerosal-free Flu vaccine. Who should get a Flu vaccine?People 6 months of age and older can receive inactivated flu vaccine. It is recommended for anyone who is at risk of complications from Flu or more likely to require medical care:
Residents of nursing homes and other chronic-care facilities. Flu vaccine is also recommended for anyone who lives with or cares for people at high risk for Flu-related complications:
Who Should Not Be VaccinatedThere are some people who should not get a flu shot without first consulting a physician. These include:
People who are moderately or severely ill should usually wait until they recover before getting flu vaccine. If you are ill, talk to your doctor or nurse about whether to reschedule the vaccination. People with a mild illness can usually get the vaccine. When is the best time to get a flu vaccine?Plan to get flu vaccine in October or November if you can. But getting vaccinated in December, or even later, will still be beneficial in most years. You can get the vaccine as soon as it is available, and for as long as illness is occurring. Flu illness can occur any time from November through May. Most cases usually occur in January or February. Most people need one dose of Flu vaccine each year. Children younger than 9 years of age getting Flu vaccine for the first time should get 2 doses. For inactivated vaccine, these doses should be given at least 4 weeks apart. Flu vaccine may be given at the same time as other vaccines, including pneumococcal vaccine. Looking for flu shot locations?The National Immunization Program doesn’t maintain a national list of flu vaccine clinics. To find a flu vaccine clinic near you,
Flu Shot Side EffectsA vaccine, like any medicine, could possibly cause serious problems, such as severe allergic reactions. The risk of a vaccine causing serious harm, or death, is extremely small. Serious problems from Flu vaccine are very rare. The viruses in inactivated Flu vaccine have been killed, so you cannot get Flu from the vaccine. Mild flu shot side effects:Soreness, redness, or swelling where the shot was given, fever, aches If these problems occur, they usually begin soon after the shot and last 1-2 days. Severe flu shot side effects:Life-threatening allergic reactions from vaccines are very rare. If they do occur, it is within a few minutes to a few hours after the shot. In 1976, a certain type of Flu (swine flu) vaccine was associated with Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). Since then, flu vaccines have not been clearly linked to GBS. However, if there is a risk of GBS from current flu vaccines, it would be no more than 1 or 2 cases per million people vaccinated. This is much lower than the risk of severe Flu, which can be prevented by vaccination. What if there is a severe reaction to a flu shot?What should I look for? - Any unusual condition, such as a high fever or behavior changes. Signs of a serious allergic reaction can include: Difficulty breathing, hoarseness or wheezing, hives, paleness, weakness, a fast heart beat or dizziness. What should I do? - Call a doctor, or get the person to a doctor right away.
The National Vaccine Injury Compensation ProgramIn the event that you or your child has a serious reaction to a vaccine, a federal program has been created to help pay for the care of those who have been harmed. For details about the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, call 1-800-338-2382 or visit their website at www.hrsa.gov/vaccinecompensation. Travelers and flu shotsYour risk of getting the flu while traveling depends on where you are going and the time of year you travel. In the tropics the flu can be a problem any time of year. Flu season in temperate zones of the Southern Hemisphere is between April and September. However, it is possible for travelers to get the flu in the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere, especially if they are part of a large tour group that includes people from parts of the world where flu viruses are circulating. Travelers at risk of complications from the flu who were not vaccinated the previous fall or winter should get a flu shot if they plan to
Please visit the CDC travelers' health site for more information on Flu and other disease activity in specific destinations as well as recommended precautions for travelers.Each year CDC provides weekly updates on Flu activity within the U.S. This report tells where, by state, Flu is occurring, and which Flu viruses are circulating. Nasal-spray flu vaccine (FluMist™) The nasal-spray flu vaccine is approved for vaccinating healthy people aged 5 to 49 years and is a useful alternative flu protection for those who find the flu shot frightening or painful. This vaccine may cause nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat, and cough symptoms of a cold. Mild reactions to the nasal mist vaccine are not unexpected and should be brief. Read more about the newly approved nasal-spray flu vaccine FluMist™. For detailed recommendations for the FluMist™ vaccine, see the Vaccine Information Statement Treating a Reaction to FluMistTo treat a mild reaction to this vaccine, use over-the-counter medication only for the symptoms you have (runny nose, sore throat, nasal congestion, cough). Testing for fluYou can be tested for flu. Most of these tests involve having your throat or nose swabbed. This means that the infected area will be wiped with an absorbent material that is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. This type of test is used in the first three to four days of your illness. Flu tests are not 100 percent accurate. Flu tests, please visit the National Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID) website at How can I learn more?Ask your immunization provider. They can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information.
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Vaccination Side Effects - The Hidden TruthDr. Viera Scheibner, a PhD researcher, five medical doctors, and other researchers, reveal what is really going on in relation to illness and vaccines. Vaccination Info Service www.vaccination.inoz.com Are Vaccines Causing More Disease Than They are Curing?By Alan Cantwell Jr., M.D. Vaccines help keep us safe from infectious diseases. Smallpox and polio epidemics have been wiped out by mass vaccine programs. People rush to get flu shots every autumn, and kids are bombarded with a barrage of 22 required vaccinations before the age of six. Even pets need their shots. The manufacture of vaccines is a giant industry and what you pay for - inoculations and doctor visits - is big business for pediatricians, family practitioners and veterinarians. So why are more and more people worried about vaccines, especially the ones for kids?
Flu Shot - Induced IllnessBarbara Loe Fisher, president of the National Vaccine Information Centre, a consumer's group based in Virginia, USA, claims vaccines are responsible for the increasing numbers of children and adults who suffer from immune system and neurologic disorders, hyperactivity, learning disabilities, asthma, chronic fatigue syndrome, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and seizure disorders. She calls for studies to monitor the long-term effects of mass vaccination and Fisher wants physicians to be absolutely sure these vaccines are safe and not harming people. No one can deny the dangers of vaccines. The measles, mumps, rubella (German measles) and polio vaccines, all contain live but weakened viruses. Although health officials tell you that polio has been wiped out in the US since 1979, they often fail to mention that all recorded cases of polio since that time are actually caused by the polio vaccine. Vaccine investigator Neil Z. Miller questions whether we still need the polio vaccine when it causes every new case of polio in the USA. Before mass vaccinations programs began fifty years ago, Miller insists we didn't have cancer in epidemic numbers, that autoimmune ailments were barely known, and childhood autism did not exist. [Return to Top]Flu Shot ContaminationThere is also the problem of contamination that has always plagued vaccine makers. During World War II a yellow fever vaccine manufactured with human blood serum was unknowingly contaminated with hepatitis virus and given to the military. As a result, more than 50,000 cases of serum hepatitis broke out among American troops injected with the vaccine. In the 1960s it was discovered that polio vaccines manufactured in monkey kidney tissue between 1955 and 1963 were contaminated with a monkey virus (Simian Virus, number 40). Although this virus causes cancer in experimental animals, health authorities insist it does not cause problems in humans. But evidence of SV40 genetic material has been popping up in human cancers and normal tissue. Researchers are now connecting SV40-contaminated polio vaccines to an increasing number of rare cancers of the lung (mesothelioma) and bone marrow (multiple myeloma). In a 1999 report, SV40 DNA was detected in tissue samples from four children born after 1982. Three were kidney transplant patients, and a fourth had a kidney tumour. Could SV40 be passed on from parents to their children? No one knows for sure. [Return to Top]Covert Vaccine ExperimentsUsing kids as guinea pigs in potentially harmful vaccine experiments is every parents' worst nightmare. This actually happened in 1989-1991 when Kaiser Permanente of Southern California and the US Centres for Disease Control (CDC) jointly conducted a measles vaccine experiment. Without proper parental disclosure, the Yugoslavian-made "high titre" Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine was tested on 1,500 poor, primarily black and Latino, inner city children in Los Angeles. Highly recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO), the high-potency experimental vaccine was previously injected into infants in Mexico, Haiti, and Africa. It was discontinued in these countries when it was discovered that the children were dying in large numbers. Unbelievably, the measles vaccine caused long-term suppression of the children's immune system for six months up to three years. As a result, the immunodepressed children died from other diseases in greater numbers than children who had never received the vaccine. Tragically, African girl babies in the experiment were given twice the dose of boys, and therefore suffered a higher death rate. The WHO pulled the vaccine off the market in 1992. Ironically, the E-Z measles vaccine tested by Kaiser on minority babies was supposed to increase immunity in younger infants. Instead, the vaccine produced the opposite effect. A Los Angeles Times editorial (June 20, 1996) assured readers that "none of the 1,500 was injured by the unlicensed vaccine" and called upon the CDC to ensure that experiments like the E-Z measles vaccine could never occur again. One wonders how many secret vaccine experiments are conducted by health authorities that never come to the attention of the public. During the two-year measles experiment I was employed by Kaiser and I never knew anything about it until I read the report in The Times five years later, in 1996. In the poor inner cities across the United States the number of asthma cases is exploding and health officials don't know why. According to the CDC, 5000 asthma deaths occur annually; and it is estimated that 17.3 million people (4.8 million are children) suffer from the disease, up from 6.7 million in 1980. Asthma usually begins before age 6, and blacks are two to three times more likely to die from asthma than whites. In the Bronx and Harlem sections of New York City, the hospitalisation rate for asthma is 21 times higher than in the more affluent areas of the city. Could the sharp rise in asthma in poor children be connected with immunosuppression caused by a barrage of vaccines, as well as a lack of quality medical care and insurance, poor diet, and environmental factors? The possible connection of immunosuppressive vaccines to diseases like asthma has never been raised by health officials. With vaccine experiments frequently performed in Africa and now on black Americans, no wonder one out of every four African-Americans believes AIDS was developed as a genocide program by the US government to exterminate the black population. But vaccine experiments in the 1990s have not been limited to blacks. Millions of female Mexicans, Nicaraguans and Filipinos have been duped into taking tetanus vaccines, some of which contained a female hormone that could cause miscarriage and sterilisation. In 1995, a Catholic human rights organisation called Human Life International accused the WHO of promoting a Canadian-made tetanus vaccine laced with a pregnancy hormone called human choriogonadotropic hormone (HCG). Suspicions were aroused when the tetanus vaccine was prescribed in the unusual dose of five multiple injections over a three month period, and recommended only to women of reproductive age. When an unusual number of women experienced vaginal bleeding and miscarriages after the shots, a hormone additive was uncovered as the cause. Apparently the WHO has been developing and testing anti-fertility vaccines for over two decades. Women receiving the laced tetanus shot not only developed antibodies to tetanus, but they also developed dangerous antibodies to the pregnancy hormone as well. Without this HCG hormone the growth of the fetus is impaired. Consequently, the laced vaccine served as a covert contraceptive device. Commissioned to analyse the vaccine, the Philippines Medical Association found that 20 percent of the WHO tetanus vaccines were contaminated with the hormone. Not surprisingly, the WHO has denied all accusations as "completely false and without basis," and the major media have never reported on the controversy. For further details on this issue, consult the Human Life International website (www.hli.org). Newly approved vaccines may also pose serious risks. In October 1999 a vaccine against "rotavirus" infection (which causes most cases of childhood diarrhea) was pulled off the market. One year after the RotaShield vaccine was inoculated into over a million infants, it was found to increase the risk of bowel obstruction. Almost 100 cases of bowel obstruction were reported to the government, and twenty infants developed bowel obstructions within one or two weeks after receiving the vaccine. [Return to Top]Vaccine Manufacture and Associated DangersAlthough the public has heard about side effects of vaccines, most people are clueless about the manufacture of vaccines. Few people know that viruses used in vaccine production need to be grown on animal parts like monkey kidneys, or in chicken embryos, or in human and fetal "cell lines." Harvesting viruses in human cell-lines can be perilous because some human cell lines are derived from cancer cells. In AIDS & The Doctors of Death I wrote about the development of the first human "HeLa" cell line - an "immortal" cell line used extensively in cancer and vaccine research for decades. Henrietta Lacks was a young black woman from Baltimore who died from a highly malignant cervical cancer in 1951. Small pieces of her tumour were donated to a laboratory specialising in tissue cell culture. In those days most attempts to grow human cells outside the body failed. But for some unknown reason Henrietta's cancer cells grew vigorously and became known as the first successful human tissue cell line in history - the now famous HeLa cell line commemorating the legendary HEnrietta LAcks. Henrietta's cells were kept alive by feeding them a witches' brew of beef embryo extract (the ground-up remains of a three-week-old, unborn cattle embryo); fresh chicken plasma obtained from the blood of a live chicken heart; and blood from human placentas (the placenta is the sac that nurtures the developing fetus and contains powerful hormones). It is now suspected that a sexually-transmitted papilloma virus is the cause of cervical cancer. And it is anybody's guess how many other chicken, cattle, and human viruses are incorporated into the HeLa cell line, but none of this possible viral contamination seems to bother scientists who have extensively used the cells in cancer research. What laboratory scientists did eventually discover was that HeLa cells proved so hardy that they frequently contaminated other tissue cell lines used in cancer and cancer virus research. In the late 1960s when widespread HeLa cell contamination problems were uncovered, scientists were shocked and embarrassed to learn that millions of dollars worth of published cancer experiments were ruined. "Liver cells" and "monkey cells" that were used in cancer experiments turned out to be Henrietta's cancer cells in disguise. Benign cells that supposedly "spontaneously transformed" into malignant cells were found to be cells contaminated with cancerous HeLa cells. The serious problem of HeLa cell contamination in cancer and vaccine research is revealed in Michael Gold's A Conspiracy of Cells: One Woman's Immortal Legacy and the Medical Scandal It Caused. Even Jonas Salk, who developed the legendary Salk polio vaccine, was fooled when HeLa cells contaminated his animal cell lines. He admitted this years later in 1978 before a stunned audience of cell biologists and vaccine makers. In experiments performed in the late 1950s on dying cancer patients, Salk tried injecting them with a cell line of monkey heart tissue - the same cell line he used to harvest polio virus for his famous vaccine. He hoped the monkey cell injections would stimulate the immune system to fight cancer. However, when abscesses developed at the site of injections, Salk began to suspect that he might be injecting HeLa cells rather than monkey cells, and he stopped the experiment. Mark Nelson-Rees, a HeLa cell expert and one of the 1978 conference attendees, offered to test Salk's line if it was still available. Salk graciously agreed and the monkey cells indeed proved to be HeLa cells which had invaded and taken over the monkey cell line. According to author Gold, Salk thought there were adequate ways to separate viruses from the tissue cell lines they were harvested in, so that it really didn't matter what kind of cells were used. Even if vaccines weren't filtered, and even if whole cancer cells were injected directly into a human, Salk believed they would be rejected by the body and cause no harm. In those days doctors didn't much believe in cancer-causing viruses. Nowadays, no researcher would dare try injecting cancer cells into a human being. But in the 1950s Salk had done it accidentally. He had injected HeLa cells into a few dozen patients and it hadn't bothered him a bit. [Return to Top]Is There a Vaccine Contamination Connection to AIDS?Most people assume vaccines are "sterile" and germ free. But sterilising a vaccine can destroy the necessary immunising protein that makes it work. Thus, contaminating viruses or viral "particles" can sometime survive the vaccine process. Animal viruses are also contained in fetal calf serum, a blood product commonly used as a laboratory nutrient to feed various tissue cell cultures. Vaccine contamination by fetal calf serum and its possible relationship to HIV was the subject of a letter by J. Grote, published in the Journal of the Royal (London) Society of Medicine in October 1988. Bovine visna virus (which looks similar to HIV) is a known contaminant of fetal calf serum used in vaccine production and virus-like particles have been detected in vaccines certified for clinical use. Grote warns that "It seems absolutely vital that all vaccines are screened for HIV prior to use, and that bovine visna virus is further investigated as to its relationship to HIV and its possible role in progression towards AIDS." Could virus-contaminated vaccines lie at the root of AIDS? A few researchers, including myself, believe HIV was "introduced" into gays during the experimental hepatitis B vaccine trials when thousands of homosexuals were injected in Los Angeles, San Francisco, and New York, during the years 1978-1981. The AIDS epidemic first erupted in gays living in those cities in 1981. In 1980, one year before, already 20% of the gays inoculated in Manhattan with the experimental vaccine were already HIV-positive. This was several years before definite AIDS cases were diagnosed in Africa. In the early 1970s the hepatitis B vaccine was developed in chimpanzees, now wildly accepted as the animal from which HIV supposedly evolved. Hepatitis B vaccine was developed to protect people from the sexual spread of the hepatitis B virus. Now the government recommends that all newborn babies be given the vaccine [this is also the case in Australia]. Such recommendations do not make sense to many parents. And people are still fearful of the hepatitis B vaccine because of its original connection to gay men and AIDS. The original experimental vaccine was made from the pooled blood serum of hepatitis-infected homosexuals and, as mentioned, serum-based vaccines cannot be sterilised. Another theory of AIDS is that HIV originated from polio vaccines contaminated with chimp and monkey viruses, and administered to Africans in the late 1950s. In The River: A Journey to the Source of HIV and AIDS, published in 1999, Edward Hooper details how polio vaccine was made using monkey (and possibly chimp) kidneys and how the ancestor virus of HIV could have jumped species (via the vaccine) to produce the outbreak of AIDS in Africa. Hooper's well-researched book greatly expands the polio vaccine theory of AIDS first reported by Tom Curtis in Rolling Stone magazine in 1992, and The River is a must-read for anyone interested in the possible man-made origin of AIDS. Other researchers think it more likely that the various WHO-sponsored vaccine programs (particularly the smallpox program) in Africa in the 1970s are responsible for unleashing AIDS in Africa in the 1980s. Hooper, who has worked as a United Nations official, has discounted the research pointing to AIDS as a man-made disease, as proposed by Dr. Leonard Horowitz in Emerging Viruses, and in my two books AIDS & The Doctors of Death: An Inquiry into the Origin of the AIDS Epidemic and Queer Blood: The Secret AIDS Genocide Plot. Horowitz and I both suspect contaminated smallpox vaccines as the source of HIV in Africa. Certainly the smallpox (vaccinia-cowpox) virus is an excellent virus to use for the genetic engineering of new, multipurpose vaccines. By splicing into the DNA genes of the vaccinia virus, scientists can add on parts of disease-producing viruses like influenza, hepatitis, and other viruses. The safety of this technique has not been fully evaluated, prompting one vaccine maker at a Vaccinia Virus Workshop in 1984 to ask if this could lead to another form of AIDS. [Return to Top]Vaccine Connection to Gulf War Illness and Huntsville Mystery IllnessThe cause of Gulf War Illness (GWI) is unknown. For years this debilitating illness (which now affects one-half of the Gulf War vets) has been ignored by Pentagon officials who claim the disease does not exist and that vets are simply reacting to stress. GWI is also thought to be contagious. Vets insist their disease has been passed on to spouses, other family members, and even pets. Some people suspect multiple vaccines, particularly the experimental anthrax vaccine, are implicated in the disease. Currently, soldiers who refuse to take the mandatory anthrax vaccine are being court-martialled and dismissed from the service. Researchers Dr. Garth Nicolson and his wife Nancy have found a tiny bacterial microbe (a "mycoplasma") in the blood of nearly half the ill vets with GWI. Amazingly, this infectious agent has a piece of HIV (the AIDS virus) attached to it. This microbe could never have occurred naturally. On the contrary, the composition of the microbe suggests a man-made and genetically-engineered biological warfare agent. Garth Nicolson's scientific credentials are impeccable. For 16 years he was a professor of medicine at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Centre in Houston, as well as professor of pathology and laboratory medicine at the University of Texas Medical School, also in Houston. Nancy Nicolson, a molecular biophysicist, was on the faculty at Baylor College of Medicine. Six months after returning home from the Gulf War, the Nicolson's daughter contracted GWI. Her mother Nancy had contracted a similar illness in 1987 when she was working with Mycoplasma incognitus in infectious disease research. Finally suspecting that this research had biowarfare implications, Nancy Nicolson became a whistle-blower and angered officials. As a result, she believes she was deliberately infected with the mycoplasma. After partial paralysis and a long illness, she finally regained her health with the antibiotic Doxycycline. The Nicolson's discovery of a similar mycoplasma (but without the attachment of HIV) in a mysterious illness that erupted in the Huntsville, Texas area among prison guards and their families has all the drama of a ‘Movie of the Week'. Although the Huntsville disease broke out in the late 1980s (shortly before the Gulf War), it has many of the same signs and symptoms of GWI. Many locals are convinced the sometimes deadly disease originally spread from prisoners incarcerated in several large prisons around Huntsville. In experiments conducted during the 1970s and 80s, the prisoners were inoculated with flu vaccines containing genetically engineered viruses and mycoplasma. It is suspected that vaccines were being covertly developed and deployed as biological warfare weapons. Nobel prize winner James Watson, world famous for his discovery of the molecular structure of DNA and a leading researcher of the still ongoing Human Genome Project, was involved in these prison experiments. The guards are convinced the Huntsville mystery illness is intimately connected to these experiments, jointly conducted by the Medical School and the military. Like GWI, health officials deny the disease exists. The Nicolsons continue to developed antibiotic treatments, which have helped some vets. But they have paid a heavy price for their controversial research and unprecedented discoveries. Garth Nicolson was forced to resign from M.D. Anderson in 1996. His career and reputation destroyed, the Nicolsons have since moved to California and head The Institute for Molecular Medicine in Huntington Beach. [Return to Top]Dangerous Animal and Human Cell Lines in Vaccine ManufactureIn an effort to quell concerns about the safety of vaccines, scientists are finally taking another look at the "non-infectious" particles of bird-cancer viruses (avian leukosis virus) in the mumps/measles/rubella vaccines routinely given to kids. Could this be the reason the US Federal Drug Administration held a meeting in September, 1999, to reconsider using human tumour cell lines (like HeLa) rather than monkey kidneys and chicken embryos which are no longer guaranteed 100% safe? Writing in Science, Gretchen Vogel admits public trust in vaccines is a bit shaky. In Wales anti-vaccine parents are holding "measles parties" to infect their children with the disease rather than vaccinate them. She cites the danger of using immortal cell lines for live vaccine production because cancer genes or other hazardous factors might be transferred to people receiving vaccines. But manufacturers also realise vaccine critics are becoming more wary of vaccines made in animal and bird tissue. And vaccine makers want to use immortal cell lines to grow their viruses because obviously viruses can't grow on their own. The big question everyone seems to avoid is: Can vaccines cause cancer? There is certainly evidence connecting contaminated vaccines to AIDS. And HIV is a cancer-causing virus. Robert Gallo, the co-discoverer of HIV in 1984, has clearly stated AIDS is an epidemic of cancer. Animal and avian viruses can contaminate vaccines and have all been studied as cancer-causing agents. And cancer and vaccine research would be much more difficult without the use of cell lines, some of which are derived from cancer. [Return to Top]Flu Shots and Public ParanoiaIs the fear of vaccines justified? It is clear that vaccines can be dangerous. The contamination of vaccines is a reality, and vaccine experiments can be hazardous to one's health. AIDS, unknown two decades ago, is now an increasing worldwide epidemic with millions of death predicted for the next decade. Could vaccines contaminated with cancer-causing and immunosuppressive viruses unleash new plagues in the New Millennium? If so, the new plagues may be far worse than the diseases we eradicated by vaccine programs in the twentieth century. References "Anti-diarrheal vaccine for babies recalled," Los Angeles Times, October 16, 1999. Butel JS, Arrington AS, Wong C, et al.: Molecular evidence of simian virus 40 infections in children. J Infect Dis 180:884-887, 1999. Cantwell A: AIDS & the Doctors of Death. Aries Rising Press, Los Angeles, 1988. Cantwell A: Queer Blood. Aries Rising Press, Los Angeles, 1993. Gold M: A Conspiracy of Cells. State University of New York Press, Albany, 1986. Hooper E: The River: A Journey to the Source of HIV and AIDS. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1999. Horowitz L: Emerging Viruses: AIDS & Ebola. Tetrahedron, Inc, Rockport, MA, 1996. Jaroff Leon: "Vaccine Jitters," TIME, September 13, 1999. Likoudis P: "Gulf war illness probe to advance with new study," The Wanderer, January 21, 1999. "Measles, government and trust " (Editorial), Los Angeles Times, June 20, 1996. Miller NZ: Immunization: Theory vs Reality. New Atlantean Press, Santa Fe, 1996. Miller NZ: Immunizations: The People Speak! New Atlantean Press, Santa Fe, 1996. Quinnan GV: Vaccinia Viruses as Vectors for Vaccine Antigens. Elsevier, New York, 1985. Stolberg SG: "Poor fight baffling surge in asthma," New York Times, October 18, 1999. Alan Cantwell is a physician and AIDS researcher. His book on the man-made epidemic of AIDS entitled AIDS & The Doctors of Death: An Inquiry into the Origin of the AIDS Epidemic, is available on the Internet through or Barnes and Noble, in Australia through Infinity Bookshop in Sydney, Tel: (02) 92122225. The above article appeared in New Dawn No. 63 (November-December 2000) |
Side Effects - Open ThreadWhat's your experience with flu shot side effects? | “There is no evidence that any influenza vaccine thus far developed is effective in preventing or mitigating any attack of influenza. The producers of these vaccines know that they are worthless, but they go on selling them anyway.” - Dr. J. Anthony Morris (former Chief Vaccine Control Officer of FDA) By Doctor Wendy Wells, ND First of all, I find it uncanny that “flu season” begins after the candy craze of Halloween and continues through the next three most sugar laden holidays of the year. Research shows that just 1 teaspoon of sugar depresses our immune system for 6 hours. One can of soda has 12 teaspoons of sugar.This answers the question, why do some get the flu and others don’t? The host is the problem, not the virus. When we take good care of ourselves our natural flu prevention system is in full gear. We can do this by eating fresh unprocessed meats, grains, vegetables and fruits, and avoid sugar and trans fats. The symptoms of the flu are our body’s wise, and perfect response to a foreign invader. Fever raises to inactivate the virus or bacteria. Our nose runs to flush it out of our sinuses. We cough to evacuate it from our lungs. We feel tired so we will rest and take it easy and heal faster. Our body is trying to cure the cold. So it can be said that the Cold is the Cure. I personally disagree with the flu vaccine. World wide health experts agree that vaccines do not work because of the mutability of viruses. Every few weeks viruses are completely different. Pharmaceutical companies make the flu vaccine based on last years virus anyway. National Vaccine Injury Compensation ProgramIn the event that you or your child has a serious reaction to a vaccine, a federal program has been created to help pay for the care of those who have been harmed. For details about the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, call 1-800-338-2382. or visit www.hrsa.gov/ Flu Shot Side Effects Resourceswww.cdc.gov - Some Influenza (Flu) vaccines, contain thimerosal, a mercury based preservative. www.autism.com - Vaccine mercury removal law attemps to ban the use of childhood flu vaccines containing thimerosal, a mercury-based preservative. www.thinktwice.com - Global Vaccine Institute www.newmediaexplorer.org - Article about the connection of autism and flu shots. Flu Shot Side Effects-
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| Rated |
Nutritional Supplement | Herbs |
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| ••• | Multiple vitamin-mineral (for elderly people) Vitamin E (for elderly people) |
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| •• | Acidophilus Beta-carotene Fish oil (omega-3 fatty acids for critically ill and post surgery patients only) Glutamine (prevention of post-exercise infection in performance athletes) Selenium (for elderly people) Thymus extracts Vitamin A Vitamin C Zinc (for elderly people) |
Ashwa ghanda Eleuthero |
| • | Beta-glucan Cordyceps DHEA Lycopene Vitamin B12 Whey protein Zinc (for non-elderly people) |
Astragalus Cat's claw Fo-ti Green tea Ligustrum Maitake Noni |
| ••• Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit. •• Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit. • An herb is primarily supported by traditional use, or the herb or supplement has little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit. |
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Test Your Immune System
Does your immune system need a boost? This test by Dr. Linda Page is quick and easy.
A growing body of evidence shows how nutraceuticals may offer many advantages for the future of medicine.
By Roman Bystrianyk - Investigative reporter for HealthSentinel.com
The fatal
tendency of mankind to leave off thinking about a thing which is no longer
doubtful is the cause of half their errors.
-- John Stuart Mill
In 1949, the DTP vaccine was licensed to prevent diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (whooping cough) issuing forth the modern use of vaccines in the prevention of childhood illnesses. Polio immunization was later introduced to prevent that dread disease. In 1963, the measles vaccine was licensed and was combined with mumps and rubella toxoids to create the MMR vaccine. In more recent times the hepatitis B and chickenpox vaccines have been developed and incorporated into our healthcare system. Now a child can expect to receive up to 33 vaccines during their childhood with more vaccines on the horizon, such as herpes zoster (shingles), West Nile virus, influenza, pneumococcal, HIV, and many more.
The belief that vaccines are safe and effective is pervasive in today’s society. The vast majority of the medical, public, and government communities have a well-established belief system in the benefits of vaccines. Even children’s books show how important it is to “get a shot from the doctor to keep us well.” Our belief system is so ingrained that we look to medical science to create new vaccines to protect us from everything from AIDS to ear infections.
Unlike almost any other health-related issue in the free world, governments mandate many vaccines for the theoretical public good. In the United States, all 50 states require a large number of vaccinations before children are allowed to attend public schools or day care centers. Although most states have religious and medical exemptions, with some having a philosophical exemption, public and medical officials exert a great deal of pressure to vaccinate. The pervasive attitude that plagues will return and ravage the western world without everyone giving their child a full set of vaccinations is a powerful force in modern society.
One of the chief concepts that vaccine proponents tell us, and that we generally believe in modern society, is that the use of vaccines is responsible for the virtual elimination of many childhood scourges that used to ravage the world. We are told, and assume, that in the 1800s and early in the 1900s many diseases killed a large number of people, and that vaccines were invented and stopped these diseases from being a threat. But is this in fact the case? An immunization booklet produced by the CDC (Centers for Disease Control) states the following:
“Why are baby shots so important? These shots protect your baby from nine diseases: measles, mumps, rubella (German measles), diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib disease), and hepatitis B. Are these diseases very serious? Today we might not think of these diseases as being very serious because thanks to vaccines, we don’t see them as often as we used to. … Measles used to kill hundreds sometimes thousands of people a year. In the 1920s, over 10,000 people a year died from diphtheria.”
“Years ago, diphtheria was a widespread and greatly feared disease. Through the 1920s, it struck about 150,000 people a year and killed about 15,000 of them. Since then these figures have dipped considerably, thanks to parents who have gotten their children vaccinated against this terrible disease. There were only 918 cases in 1960, 435 in 1970 and 128 in 1976. Today, only a few cases occur each year.”
“Before measles vaccine was available, nearly all children had measles by the time they were 15 years old. An average of 530,000 cases a year were reported in the United States during the 10 years before vaccine was available. And during each of these years, over 450 people died because of measles. Now, thanks to the measles vaccine, the number of measles each year is a fraction of what it was then.”[1]
These statements are certainly compelling. On the face of it, we cannot help but assume that vaccines have played a key role in improving all of our lives. But looking carefully at the evidence over a longer period of time reveals a different picture of disease evolution and the role vaccines have played. One Swiss scientist that analyzed data over a longer period of time came to a different conclusion of what occurred in Switzerland:
“An analysis has been made of the evolution in Switzerland of mortality due to the main infectious diseases ever since the causes of death began to be registered. Mortality due to tuberculosis, diphtheria, scarlet fever, whooping cough, measles, typhoid, puerperal fever and infant gastro-enteritis started to fall long before the introduction of immunization and/or antibiotics. The decline was probably due to a great extent to various factors linked to the steady rise in the standard of living: qualitative and quantitative improvements in nutrition; better public and personal hygiene; better housing and working conditions and improvements in education.”[2]
In that research paper, several graphs of death rates in Switzerland show massive drops in deaths from disease long before vaccinations are introduced. One graph shows diphtheria death rates for children from 0 to 14 years of age peaking at over 200 deaths per 100,000 in the late 1800s. This is followed by death rates decreasing to less than 10 deaths per 100,000 near the time of the introduction of the vaccine in the mid 1930s. There was an apparent 95 percent decrease in diphtheria death rates before introduction of the vaccine. Another graph within the same study shows scarlet fever decreasing from 200 deaths per 100,000 in the late 1800s to virtually zero by the 1930s before drug treatments were introduced. Yet another graph in the study shows typhoid also decreasing from 50 deaths per 100,000 in 1876 to virtually zero by the 1940s when drug treatments were introduced.
“During the last two decades of the 19th century diphtheria was the leading cause of death of toddlers in the industrialized world, in some cities killing more than a thousand in a single year. In contrast, since 1980 fewer than 100 cases have been reported in the entire United States. Although diphtheria is hardly the only infectious disease to have thus faded, its story is unique because the early period of its decline can be directly linked to advances in bacteriologic knowledge and practice. Between 1880 and 1930 health authorities in New York City were responsible for much of the practical innovation in the control of diphtheria, as well as a good share of scientific progress.”[3]
The Vital Statistics of the United States contains compiled statistics for a wide variety of information since early in the 1900s. Among those are death rates from all diseases, including infectious diseases. An introductory statement from the 1937 statistics indicates that death rates from infectious diseases declined greatly in the early part of the century. These declines occurred well before the advent of vaccines to treat these conditions.
“The trend in death rates for specific causes, over the past 20 or 30 years, may be characterized by two general statements. In the first place, there has been a great reduction in the death rates for infectious and preventable diseases; in the second place, there has been an increase in the rates for certain diseases characteristic of older ages. Greatest proportional rate decreases have taken place for such diseases as typhoid and parathyroid fever, which has declined from a rate of 23.5 in 1910 to 2.1 in 1937; and diphtheria, which declined from a rate of 21.4 in 1910 to 2.0 in 1937. … The rate reductions for infectious and preventable diseases can be largely attributed to the development of modern public-health practice.”[4]
From these figures, we can see that death rates from typhoid decreased by 91% from 1910 to 1937 and death rates from diphtheria declined by 90.5% during the same time period. The decrease in diphtheria occurred well before the use of vaccination.
An even a more recent editorial statement from the Journal of Pediatrics states that proper sanitation was largely responsible for the early large declines in infectious diseases.
“… the largest historical decrease in morbidity and mortality caused by infectious disease was experienced not with the modern antibiotic and vaccine era, but after the introduction of clean water and effective sewer systems.”[5]
“The conquest of infectious disease and the health revolution it initiated is arguably one of the greatest achievements of Western civilization. Yet the phenomenon is largely unknown and rarely taught, even in history courses. Conventional wisdom usually assumes that conquest of infectious disease can be credited to well-known lifesaving innovations in medicine such as vaccines, antibiotics, and surgical asepsis. These icons are truly essential ingredients of modern medicine, and their contribution to human life and health in this century can never be minimized. However, except for the smallpox vaccination, which was introduced in 1798 and made compulsory in England in 1853, the overall contribution of medical innovations to the health revolution of the 1800s is difficult to validate. Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine arrived on the scene only after disease mortality rates already had been reduced significantly; measles, rubella, and polio vaccines did not become available until the middle of the 20th century, when most infant deaths were the result of other causes. The same holds true for sulfa drugs and antibiotics. Their contribution is unequivocal, but they did not affect mortality rates until the 1940s.” [6]
Another paper published in the premier medical journal The Lancet in 1977 by the Department of Community Medicine in the United Kingdom also indicates that vaccines were not responsible for the decline in disease rates in that country.
“There was a continuous decline [whooping cough deaths], equal in each sex, from 1937 onward. Vaccination, beginning on small scale in some places around 1948 and on a national scale in 1957, did not affect the rate of decline if it be assumed that one attack usually confers immunity, as in most major communicable diseases of childhood. … The steady decline of whooping cough between 1930 and 1957 is predictive of a linear exponential decay characteristic of a general and progressive lessening in the volume and spread of infection among the susceptible population. With this pattern well established before 1957, there is no evidence that vaccination played a major role in the decline in incidence and mortality in the trend of events.”[7]
The author’s conclusion that “there is no evidence that vaccination played a major role in the decline in incidence and mortality” is quite monumental and far different than the general public perception.
Thomas McKeown who was Professor of Social Medicine in the University of Birmingham Medical School between 1950 and 1978, is still regarded as a major social philosopher of medicine, and known for his important works on epidemiology and the practice and purpose of medicine. His conclusion was also that diseases were declining well before medical interventions such as vaccinations came into standard use.
“The distinguished epidemiologist Thomas McKeown (1912-1988) maintained that reductions in deaths associated with infectious diseases (air-, water-, and food-borne diseases) cannot have been brought about by medical advances, since such diseases were declining long before effective means were available to combat them.” [8]
Another author shows that disease and mortality was falling before the advent of vaccines or drug therapies:
“… in 1869 there were 716 deaths from typhus in London; by 1885 this had been reduced to 28; and at the beginning of the twentieth century there was none. Similar declines could be given for other infectious diseases. Tuberculosis began a remarkable disappearing act. Killing perhaps 500 out of every 100,000 Europeans in 1845, consumption slowly but continuously sank to 50 per 100,000 by 1950. Curative medicine played little part in that transition. The disappearance began before Koch discovered the tubercle bacillus. By the time antibiotics entered the picture, TB in cities such as New York had fallen to eleventh place in the death lists. And the mortality graphs for most of Europe’s fatal crowd diseases all dived before antibiotics had been marketed. Whooping cough killed 1400 children out of every million in 1850, but one hundred years later whooping deaths were less than 10 per million. Scarlet fever behaved in the same way. Measles, typhus, pneumonia, dysentery and polio all share similar histories. Their retreat had a dramatic impact on the European population. By 1900 civilization had lost its biological population check: infectious disease. After centuries of hostile encounters, humans and microbes found a new adjustment with little interference from drugs or vaccines. In some cases the microbe became less virulent (measles and diphtheria) or the human host more resistant (tuberculosis).” [9]
In the view of this, how can the statements made by the CDC on how “thanks to vaccines” diseases are a thing of the past be correct? Back in 1924 Mark Twain was quoted as saying, “There are three kinds of lies — lies, damned lies, and statistics.” When Mark Twain made this statement, his point was that numbers could be manipulated by the unscrupulous to misrepresent facts, to justify a particular bias, or fulfill a particular agenda. It is an unhappy fact of modern life that anyone with an idea can support that idea with statistics. The less the public knows about the source of the statistics, the more possible it is to have misinformation posing as scientific results.
Simple statements, such as “in the 1920s, over 10,000 people a year died from diphtheria”, although accurate are very misleading. Providing a piece of historical fact without any real context and mixing it with statements on how vaccines helped cure these diseases leads the reader to erroneously conclude that vaccines were instrumental in the massive declines of deaths from these diseases.
The CDC’s statements on vaccines only provide a few facts and then draw a conclusion on this limited information. To understand the role of vaccines, we must use the raw information and analyze it over a long period of time. The Vital Statistics of the United States provides the most accurate information of death rates from various causes starting early in the 1900s.[10] Figure 1 is a graph of the death rates from measles, typhoid, scarlet fever, whooping cough (pertussis), and diphtheria. Both the pertussis and diphtheria vaccines were made widely available in 1949 and the measles vaccine was introduced in 1963.
This graph shows that large drops in disease death rates occurred long before vaccines were introduced. From 1900 to 1963, when the measles vaccine was introduced, death rates from measles had declined from 13.3 per 100,000 to 0.2 per 100,000 a 98% decrease. From 1900 to 1949, death rates from whooping cough declined from 12.2 per 100,000 to 0.5 per 100,000 a 96% decrease. From 1900 to 1949, death rates from diphtheria declined from 40.3 per 100,000 to 0.4 per 100,000 a 99% decrease. These are clear and major changes in the severity of diseases well before any vaccines were introduced. Close up views (figures 2-4) of the diphtheria, pertussis, and measles death rates show this dramatic drop well before vaccination programs began.
Similarly, in England and Wales we find the same decline in disease mortality. The data for the disease mortality was recorded 50 years earlier than in the United States, beginning in 1850. [11]
From 1850 to 1968, when the measles vaccine was introduced, death rates from measles had declined from a range of 52.11 to 26.6 per 100,000 to 0.11 per 100,000 a range of 99.8% to 99.6% decrease. From 1860 to 1955, death rates from whooping cough declined from a range of 43.73 to 60.86 per 100,000 to 0.2 per 100,000 a 99.5% to 99.7% decrease. From 1859 to 1940, death rates from diphtheria declined from a range of 49.2 to 22.7 per 100,000 to 6.77 to 1.83 per 100,000 a 96.2% to 70.2% decrease. The exact decrease in mortality is difficult to obtain because the mortality from these diseases fluctuated from year to year, and the exact introduction of a vaccination and number of people vaccinated each year is difficult, if not impossible, to obtain. However, it is clear that death rates in England did to a large extent decline before vaccinations were widespread.
Figure 5 is a graph that shows the mortality rate declines in England and Wales. The gap from 1891 to 1900 is because data was not acquired for those specific dates.
The modern era of vaccines actually began with the advent of the vaccine against smallpox. Edward Jenner was aware of the belief that people who contracted cowpox never contracted smallpox. He hypothesized that inoculating people with cowpox would immunize them against smallpox. On May 14, 1796, he inoculated an eight-year-old boy, named James Phipps, with matter taken from a cowpox pustule. Phipps developed coxpox and quickly recovered. Several weeks later, Phipps was inoculated with smallpox and did not contract the disease. In 1798, Jenner reported his work in the book, “An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccine.” This book prompted the medical professionals of the time to adopt the practice of vaccination. The vaccine was introduced in England in 1798. It was later made compulsory in 1853 through the Compulsory Vaccination Act, and then in 1867, an even more stringent law was passed to enforce vaccination.
Looking at the raw data from England during that era [12], as shown in Figure 6, we see that despite enforced vaccinations against smallpox there was no significant decrease in deaths from smallpox. In fact, three major epidemics during 1857-1859, 1863-1865, and 1871-1872 occurred, even though there was a high vaccination rate. The last major epidemic in 1871-1872 had death rates of 101.2 and 82.1 per 100,000 people respectively, occurring just four years after a newer and more strict vaccination law was enacted in 1867.
Another interesting point of note is that certain diseases that also once killed many people declined and vanished without any assistance from mass vaccination programs. Typhoid death rates of 10s per 100,000 each year was not uncommon. Scarlet fever once killed large numbers of people at a death rate of 100 or more per 100,000 each year. While quite deadly during their prime, these two “killers” were in effect eradicated due in large part to advances in hygiene and a better understanding of germ activity. The Canadian Medical Journal contains the following statements in an advisory statement:
“Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi, which affects only humans, often causing serious systemic illness. The organism is generally transmitted by the feces or urine of the people with the disease or those who are the S. typhi carriers. The death rate is approximately 16% for untreated cases and 1% for those given appropriate antibiotic therapy. … The incidence of typhoid fever is very low in all of the industrialized countries. Approximately 70 cases are reported in Canada and 190 in the United States annually. The low incidence of typhoid fever in these countries is attributable to improved living conditions, better drinking-water quality and the treatment of sewage. The vaccine does not seem to play an important role in maintaining this lower incidence. Most infections occurring in the industrialized countries are acquired elsewhere. … It is certain that vaccination does not afford adequate protection when heavily contaminated foods are ingested. … There cannot be too much emphasis placed on hygiene and food precautions; these measures appear to be the most effective protection against the disease.”[13]
If the forces of improved living conditions, better drinking water quality and the treatment of sewage virtually eliminated illnesses such as typhoid and scarlet fever, then isn’t it reasonable to consider that other diseases, such as measles and pertussis, would have had similar fates? An analysis of the death rates for all these diseases does support this idea. The Conquest of Disease by Thurman B. Rice, MD from 1932 states:
“The benefit of pure water is expressed not only by the lowering of the typhoid rate but also in a considerable lowering of other death rates, and even of the general death rate. … Why has the death rate [for Scarlet fever] markedly fallen in the days before the cause of the disease was understood? It must be remembered that a given germ is only part of the cause of a disease; there are often many other very important contributing, predisposing, or determining factors. As housing conditions were improved, as the general laws of sanitation, ventilation, and personal hygiene came to be better understood; as we came to insist on individual drinking cups; fresh air in bedrooms, and frequent bathing; as doctors became more proficient in treating the infection so as to prevent its serious complications and sequelae; as boards of health became more efficient in the enforcement of public health laws; as methods of isolation and disinfection were better understood the death rate declined accordingly.”[14]
Again, the major decline in mortality rates can be attributed to improvements in proper hygiene, not only at a societal structural level, but also due to major changes in attitude in personal hygiene.
“In addition to the seminal and recognized role of environmental hygiene, a substantial but overlooked component of the health revolution was the transformation in personal hygiene practices and cleanliness. The transformation probably started in the early 1800s, became extremely popular from 1890 to 1915, and has since become an essential feature of “civilized” behavior in the United States and Europe. It is proposed that this mass behavioral changes in washing, bathing, laundering, and domestic hygiene practices contributed significantly to the continuing reduction of illness and death rates at the beginning of the 20th century.” [15]
It would appear that, at best, vaccines could be credited with only a tiny fraction of the overall decline of disease deaths in the 1800s and 1900s. Because death rates were declining, it is impossible to say whether vaccines had a real effect or if that the same forces that caused the majority of the decline would have continued to have a positive impact. Those forces were primarily that of improved sanitation, proper personal hygiene, improved diet, and the natural cycles of disease.
Based on our knowledge that proper sanitation, improved living conditions, and improved nutrition were the key factors that caused declines in these diseases, we can ask the question: are the present deaths and complications from these diseases in people of poor socioeconomic or compromised nutritional status? Is it possible that the focus on mass vaccination programs diverted attention from continued improvements in sanitation and nutrition that could have further reduced or eliminated disease deaths and complications?
It would seem that the people who recognized the underlying cause of diseases and instituted better living conditions, proper water and better sanitation should be recognized for their remarkable achievements, not the inventors and promoters of vaccines. This analysis, which is based on historical and scientific studies, is a far different picture than the one alluded to by the CDC in their vaccine literature.
Because the focus has predominantly been on medical intervention, the history of what really caused the decline in disease mortality is “largely unknown” and “rarely taught”. The information that disease death declined before vaccination is important in the present day because we need to pay attention to these underlying causes of infectious disease. We must be ever vigilant to avoid returning to those disease-causing conditions and to examine these conditions when disease outbreaks occur. It is an important lesson in how we should approach disease prevention in third world countries. We should not forget the words of George Santayana: "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it."
[1] Parent’s Guide to Childhood Immunization. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Immunization Program, Atlanta Georgia 30333, 1993, pp. 1, 7, 21
[2] Gubéran, E., “Tendances de la mortalité en Suisse”, Schweiz. Med Wschr. 110, 1980, pp. 574-583
[3] Morman, E.T., “Childhood’s Deadly Scourge: The Campaign to Control Diphtheria in New York City, 1880-1930”, The Journal of the American Medical Association, April 12, 2000 Vol. 283, p. 1889
[4] Vital Statistics of the United States 1937 Part I, U.S. Department of the Census, 1939, p. 11
[5] “Zinc, diarrhea, and pneumonia (editorial)”, The Journal of Pediatrics, December 1999, Vol. 135, No. 6, p. 663
[6] Greene, Velvl W., PhD, MPH, “Personal hygiene and life expectancy improvements since 1850: Historic and epidemiologic associations”, American Journal of Infection Control (AJIC), August 2001, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 203-206
[7] Steward, Gordon T., “Vaccination Against Whooping-Cough Efficacy Versus Risks”, The Lancet, January 29, 1977, pp. 234-237
[8] Porter, Roy, “The Greatest Benefit to Mankind”, Harper Collins Publishers, 1997, p. 426
[9] Porter, Roy, “The Greatest Benefit to Mankind”, Harper Collins Publishers, 1997, p. 427
[10] Vital Statistics of the United States 1937 Part I, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1939, pp. 11-12; Vital Statistics of the United States 1938 Part I, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1940, p. 12; Vital Statistics of the United States 1943 Part I, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1945; Vital Statistics of the United States 1944 Part I, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1946, p XXII-XXIII; Vital Statistics of the United States 1949 Part I, U.S. Public Health Service, 1951, p. XLIV; Vital Statistics of the United States 1960 Volume II Mortality Part A, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1963, p. 1-25; Vital Statistics of the United States 1967 Volume II Mortality Part A, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1969, p. 1-7; Vital Statistics of the United States 1976 Volume II Mortality Part A, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1980, p. 1-7; Vital Statistics of the United States 1987 Volume II Mortality Part A, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1990, p. 11; Vital Statistics of the United States 1992 Volume II Mortality Part A, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996, p. 12; Historical Statistics of the United States Colonial Times to 1970 Part 1, Bureau of the Census, p. 58
[11] Mortality in England and Wales for 95 years as provided by the Office of National Statistics - Published 1997;
[12] Written answer by Lord E. Percy to Parliamentary question addressed by Mr. March, M.P., to the Minister to Health on July 16th, 1923
[13] “Statement on overseas travelers and typhoid fever”, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1994, 151, pp. 989-990
[14] Rice, Thurman, A.M., MD The Conquest of Disease, The Macmillan Company, 1932, pp. 68, 121-122
[15] Greene, American Journal of Infection Control (AJIC), August 2001, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 203-206
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